Ancient Humanities Essays

Ancient Humanities Essays Ancient Humanities Essay Ancient Humanities Essay Marcus Fant HUM250 Humanities KGA 1 Field Trip Report In this report I plan to take you through the ancient times with a journey with art. We will start in the Mesopotamia where you can see the Cuneiform writing which was the first form of known writing. They had a belief in Polytheism which I the belief in many Gods. It was their belief that the Gods power flows through the king. The next step would be to go to the Ancient Egyptian. They developed a style of writing called Hieroglyphics which is one of the earliest forms of writing. They also believed in polytheism and sacrifices at the time of burial. They buried their dead king are called Pharaohs in tombs called Pyramids. The Pharaohs are considered to have a sacred kingship. When we get to Ancient Greece (classical) that is called the Bronze Age (2500 – 1150 B. C. ) their religious belief is at the height of Polytheism that is the belief in many Gods. The ruler in this time frame was King Minos who was the King of Minos, they make they make their home of the Island of Crete. The artisans were very skillful in frescos and figurines and vases. Minoans worshiped freedom and equality of women. The Mycenaean’s inhabit the city of Mycenae c 1600 – 1150. The culture was a warriors and pirate culture. Like the Egyptians they believed in life after death. Another part of their history would be the Trojan war. Our next step will be the Dark Ages (1150 – 900 b. ,c. ) Early Greeks (8th Century b. c. ) The Minoans and Mycenaean’s was the base of their civilization. The had a belief in Polytheism and had anthropomorphic belief that the Greek Gods were shaped like humans. They did do sacrifies but only animals. Theology the making of gods is a synthesis of Greek Belief also Philosophy was also invented here also. Then we move to Ancient Rome (735b. c. ) where the Etruscans we engineering arches, they also believed in polytheism. Julius Caesar the first dictator Octavian Agustus. Greek puls Hellenism and practicality were all parts of Roman culture. They started public altars and satues of emperor also during that time the coliseum was being built. The next part of our time line will bring Monotheism (the belief in one God) and then we see a new vision of how to look at the way are is done. Iraq, Nimrud Ashurnasirpal II and a Winged Deity, 883-859 BC Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypseous alabaster, 90 3/4 x 83 in. (230. 5 x 210. 8 cm. ) Purchased with funds provided by Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 3) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 Assyria, Nimrud Deity Performing Ritual Purification, circa 870 B. C. Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypseous alabaster, 90 3/4 x 83 in. (230. 51 x 210. 82 cm) Purchased with funds provided by Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 5) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 These massive carved stone panels are from the lavish Assyrian palace of King Ashurnasirpal II, at Nimrud, in what is now Northern Iraq. The images and writing you see served as powerful political propaganda, meant to inspire awe and fear. The King himself is in the center panel, wearing a cap, with a bowl atop his fingertips. By picturing himself among these semi-divine beings, he asserts that the gods themselves have anointed him to rule on earth. The cuneiform writing across the center of each panel spells out the same bold inscription. It reads, in part: [I am] Ashurnasirpal, the obedient prince, the worshiper of the Great Gods, the fierce dragon, the conqueror of all cities and mountains to their full extent, the king of rulers, who tames the dangerous enemies, the [one] crowned with glory, the [one] unafraid of battle, the relentless lion, who shakes resistance, the king [deserving] of praise, the shepherd, protection of the world, the king whose command blots out mountains and seas, who forced into compliance the relentless, fierce kings from the east to the west at his very approach. Assyria, Nimrud, palace of Ashurnasirpal II Eagle-Headed Deity, 833-858 B. C. Relief; Sculpture; Stone, Gypsum, Height: 88 in. (223. 52 cm) Gift of Anna Bing Arnold (66. 4. 4) Art of the Middle East: Ancient Department. Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 308 These massive carved stone panels are from the lavish Assyrian palace of King Ashurnasirpal II, at Nimrud, in what is now Northern Iraq. The images and writing you see served as powerful political propaganda, meant to inspire awe and fear. The King himself is in the center panel, wearing a cap, with a bowl atop his fingertips. By picturing himself among these semi-divine beings, he asserts that the gods themselves have anointed him to rule on earth. The cuneiform writing across the center of each panel spells out the same bold inscription. It reads, in part: I am] Ashurnasirpal, the obedient prince, the worshiper of the Great Gods, the fierce dragon, the conqueror of all cities and mountains to their full extent, the king of rulers, who tames the dangerous enemies, the [one] crowned with glory, the [one] unafraid of battle, the relentless lion, who shakes resistance, the king [deserving] of praise, the shepherd, protection of the world, the king whose command blots out mountains and seas, who forced into compliance the relentless, fierce kings from the east to the west at his very approach. Artist Name: Unknown Title: Osiris Date: New Kingdom (1550 1070 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Wood with gilding Dimensions: Height: 22 1/2 in. (57. 15 cm) Credit Line: Mr. and Mrs. Allan C. Balch Fund Osiris, the mummiform ruler of the dead, wears the insignia of Egyptian royalty: the tall crown of Upper Egypt, the uraeus (cobra) headdress, a false beard, and, now lost, a crook and flail. Images of Osiris were placed in tombs as symbols of resurrection Artist Name: Unknown Title: Figurine of the Goddess Wadjet Date: 26th Dynasty (circa 664 525 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Bronze Dimensions: Height: 13 in. (33 cm) This elegant, striding bronze figure represents the goddess Wadjet, protectress of the king and tutelary deity of Lower Egypt. One of several Egyptian goddesses depicted with the head of a lioness, Wadjet is identified in this example by the dedicatory inscription on the rectangular base. The preserved portion of the text also includes part of the donors name and parentage. This figure probably was dedicated as an offering in a temple, and in addition may have served as a container for the remains of a sacred animal. Artist Name: Unknown Title: Artists Trial Piece Date: Late Period, 26th Dynasty, reign of Amasis or later (circa 570 525 BCE) Place Made: Egypt Collection Area: Egyptian Art Medium: Limestone Dimensions: Height: 14 in. (35. 56 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Hammer Building Room 303 Artist Name: Python (attributed to) Title: Bell-Krater with (A) an Elderly Satyr (Papposilenos) Followed by Young Dionysos, and (B) Two Wreathed Youths Date: circa 350-325 B. C. Place Made: South Italy, Paestum Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Ceramic Dimensions: Height: 15 in. (38. 1 cm); Diameter: 14 5/8 in. (37. 15 cm) Credit Line: Willilam Randolph Hearst Collection On south Italian vases the wine god Dionysos is almost invariably depicted as a long-haired, athletic young man. On the front of this vase the god advances across uneven terrain at night, his way illuminated by the torch carried by a small, old white-haired satyr, who hurries along with a full wineskin slung over his shoulder. They are on their way to a drinking party, and in anticipation of their arrival, Dionysos holds out his cup. Below the satyr is a small altar. Flanking the pictures front and back are slender half-palmettes, ornamental hallmarks of the Paestan style of vase painting. The two clothed youths on the reverse are standard too, as are the heavy dot-stripe borders on their garments. Andrew J. Clark, (2008) Artist Name: Python (attributed to) Title: Bell-Krater with (A) the Centaur Chiron Accompanied by a Satyr and (B) Two Youths Date: circa 350-325 B. C. Place Made: South Italy, Paestum Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Ceramic Dimensions: Height: 15 1/4 in. 38. 74 cm); Diameter: 14 5/8 in. (37. 15 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection On this vase a centaur is depicted traveling in the company of a diminutive satyr. The torch held by the centaur indicates that the scene takes place at night. Centaurs are part human and part horse, and more often than not, they are depicted as uncouth beings. This centaur appears distinctly human, however, and it may be that he is either Chiro n, the wise centaur who tutored the hero Achilles, or Pholos, another civilized centaur. Whoever he may be, the centaur’s torch and the presence of a satyr suggest that they are going to a nocturnal Dionysiac revel. Except for Chiron and Pholos, centaurs were notorious drunks who could not hold their liquor. Artist Name: Unknown Title: The Hope Athena Date: 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek Original of the 5th century B. C. Place Made: Italy, Ostia or Rome Collection Area: Greek and Roman Medium: Marble Dimensions: Height: 86 in. (218. 4 cm) Credit Line: William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 318 Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war waged for just causes, wears a breastplate decorated with heads of gorgons, the monsters whose piercing gaze turned to stone everyone whose eyes they met. The statue was excavated at Ostia, the port of Rome, in 1797. The hollow eye sockets suggest that the eyes originally were inlaid. This Athena is a Roman copy of a Greek original, the so-called Hope-Farnese type of Athena, named after LACMA’s statue, which was once owned by Thomas Hope, and the other fairly complete version in Naples, which came from the princely Farnese family. Mary Levkoff, 2008) Excerpted from Hearst the Collector. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York: Abrams, 2008 Dressed in a chiton and sumptuous mantle, her chest protected by an aegis, Athena may once have looked at a small figure of Nike on her right hand while supporting her left arm on a lance. She stands in the purest classical contrapposto, but since the forms of her body are entirely concealed under the garments, this is conveyed by the system of drapery folds. The helmeted head, once crowned by a sphinx and two griffins, was carved separately. The Hope Athena gives her name to a sculptural type that is based on a Greek work of 430–420 BC and relates to the famous Athena Parthenos by Pheidias. The Athena was excavated together with the Hygieia (cat. no. 110) in Ostia, the ancient port of Rome, and the two statues were sold together at the Hope collection sale in 1917. They were numbers one and two, respectively, in Hope’s catalogue of his own collection. Hearst acquired them later, at separate sales in the 1930s, thus reuniting two works of art that were probably displayed together in antiquity. He was definitely aware of their Hope provenance, if not their ancient context, since he also purchased a significant number of Greek vases that came from that English collection (see cat. nos. 99, 101–5). The Hope Athena and Hope Hygieia are clearly the most important and best-preserved Roman sculptures from Hearst’s collection. At one point the Athena was displayed in the Assembly Room at San Simeon’s Casa Grande, together with Antonio Canova’s Venus Italica (cat. no. 123). Hearst parted with the Athena only at the very end, donating her in 1951, the year of his death. Jens Daehner, (2008) Rome, Roman The Lansdowne Bust of Athena of Velletri, 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek original of about 430-420 B. C. by Kresilas Sculpture; Stone, Marble, 42 x 33 x 19 in. (106. 68 x 83. 82 x 48. 26 cm) William Randolph Hearst Collection (49. 23. 1) European Painting and Sculpture: Greek and Roman Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 303 A colossal Greek statue of Athena that once stood at Piraeus, the port of Athens, inspired a number of Roman copies. Its name comes from the best-preserved full-length copy, which was discovered at the site of the Villa Velletri, south of Rome, and is now in the Louvre. Fragments of LACMA’s sculpture were unearthed around 1760 by the Scottish antiquarian Gavin Hamilton. The bust has been reconstituted from them: the right shoulder, face, and part of the helmet are original. The remainder, including the snakes and the grimacing gorgon’s head, was carved in the eighteenth century. This extensive restoration was typical of the treatment of ancient fragments at that time. (Mary Levkoff, 2008) Artist Name Skopas (attributed to) Title The Hope Hygieia Date 2nd century A. D. Roman copy after a Greek original of about 360 B. C. Place Made Italy, Ostia (? ) or Rome Collection Area Greek and Roman Medium Marble Dimensions 75 x 25 x 18 in. (190. 5 x 63. 5 x 45. 72 cm) Credit Line William Randolph Hearst Collection Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 318 Culture Roman Excerpted from Hearst the Collector. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York: Abrams, 2008 Hygieia, daughter of the healer god Asklepios, is represented feeding a large serpent from a dish in her hand. This is the best-preserved ancient copy of a lost Greek statue of the fourth century BC- a type hence named after the Hope Hygieia- and was carved in the mid-second century AD, during the Antonine period. As with the Hope Athena (cat. no. 109), Hygieia’s eye sockets are hollow, indicating that her eyes were originally inlaid in a different polychrome material, such as colored stone or glass. When Hearst donated the statue to the Los Angeles County Museum, its appearance was essentially the same as it was when it entered Thomas Hope’s collection 150 years earlier. The original marble restorations of around 1800- including the right arm, left hand, nose, eyes, and parts of the snake- were removed in the 1970s but reintegrated in preparation for the present exhibition. Jens Daehner, (2008) Paul Vredeman de Vries (1567 1630) Interior of Antwerp Cathedral, 1612 Painting, Oil on panel, Sight: 24 1/4 x 31 1/4 in. (61. 6 x 79. 4 cm); Framed: 31 1/2 x 39 in. (80 x 99. 1 cm) Gift of William Randolph Hearst (49. 17. 5) European Painting and Sculpture Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 319 Inexplicably attributed at the time of its acquisition to Peeter NeeJs the Elder (c. 578–1656) in spite of its prominent signature, this interior of a cathedral is by Paul Vredeman de Vries, an artist who- like his father, Hans- specialized in painting fanciful architectural subjects. Paul’s most famous works are large compositions probably commissioned by Rudolf II in Prague, where Hans and Paul worked in 1596 (Vienna, Kunsthis torisches Museum). The Los Angeles panel, unlike the Vienna pictures, does not combine Italianate and Gothic motifs but represents instead the interior of a Gothic church loosely reminiscent of the Antwerp Cathedral. It is likely that the figures were executed by another painter, a practice common to artists such as Vredeman de Vries, who specialized in the depiction of buildings. The figures in many of his paintings were the work of Dirk de Quade van Ravesteyn (active c. 1576–1612). To judge from the close timing of his purchase and donation of this painting, Hearst apparently bought it for the museum, not for himself, just as he did Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes by Jean Lemaire (inv. no. 49. 17. 16) and Supper at Emmaus by Filippo Tarchiani (inv. no. 49. 17. 3). Interior of a Gothic Church is included here as an example of Hearst’s acquisitions on behalf of the Los Angeles County Museum. J. Patrice Marandel, (2008) Jean-Antoine Houdon (France, Versailles, 1741 1828) Voltaire Seated, circa 1779-1795 Sculpture, Plaster, with vestiges of paint and terracotta slip, with metal supports; on modern painted wood base, Sculpture: 52 1/2 x 35 1/2 x 33 in. (133. 35 x 90. 17 x 83. 82 cm); Base: 34 x 45 x 37 1/4 in. (86. 36 x 114. 3 x 94. 62 cm) Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation (M. 2004. 5) European Painting and Sculpture Department. Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 330 Artist Name: Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn Title: Portrait of Dirck Jansz Pesser Date: circa 1634 Place Made: Holland Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Oil on panel Dimensions: 25 1/2 x 19 7/8 in. (64. 77 x 50. 48 cm) Credit Line: Frances and Armand Hammer Purchase Fund Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 324 By 1634, when he traveled to Rotterdam and painted this portrait of the wealthy brewer Dirck Jansz. Pesser (1587–1651) and those of his wife, Haesje van Cleyburgh, and his mother, Aechje Claesdr. Rembrandt was recognized as Amsterdam’s most fashionable portrait painter. Here he employed the conventional oval format but used the undulating rim of the hat, the white ruff, and the carefully orchestrated shadows of Pesser’s face to create a lively image that appears to exist in real space. Artist Name: Georges de La Tour Title: The Magdalen with the Smoking Flame Date: circa 1638-1640 Place Made: France Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Oil on canvas Dimensions: 46 1/16 x 36 1/8 in. (117 x 91. 76 cm) Credit Line: Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 320 This painting by the French artist Georges de la Tour was made around 1638-40. De la Tour’s style reflects Caravaggio, an artist who used light in a very innovative way. He represented the light itself in the picture, and here De la Tour does the same thing. In this painting, the Magdalen is seated looking at a candle, and you see the shadows cast by that flame onto the figure and the environment. That which seems to us a very simple idea was a great innovation in the early part of the 17th century. Many artists following the example of Caravaggio in Italy did this,and the style was also adopted in other parts of Europe. De La Tour’s work is very rare. There are perhaps only 50 paintings known to be by him in the world, and the painting at LACMA is one of the very finest examples. Georges de La Tour painted four versions of Mary Magdalene, the courtesan who was absolved of sin through her faith in Christ. Here she appears in retreat from the world, contemplating the suffering of Christ and her own mortality, symbolized by the skull that she cradles in her lap. By turning her away from the viewer, using dramatic lighting, geometric simplicity, and monumentality, La Tour created an atmosphere of calm that emphasizes her penitence. Artist Name: Picano, Francesco; Vaccaro, Lorenzo Title: Saint Michael Casting Satan into Hell Date: 1705 Place Made: Italy, Naples Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Polychromed wood with glass Dimensions: 52 1/2 x 27 1/4 x 24 3/4 in. (133. 35 x 69. 22 x 62. 87 cm) Credit Line: Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 328 Artist Name: Unknown Title: Pieta Date: circa 1725 Place Made: Spain, Seville or Cordoba (? ) Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Polychromed plaster, macerated linen fibers, gesso- or glue-soaked fabric, wood, papier-mache, glass and other materials Dimensions: 45 1/4 x 44 1/2 x 33 in. (115 x 113 x 84 cm) Credit Line: Purchased with funds provided by Eugene V. Klein and Mary Jones-Gaston in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Stone Jones, by exchange Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 328 Artist Name: John Cheere Title: The Capitoline Isis Date: 1767 Place Made: England Collection Area: European Painting and Sculpture Medium: Painted plaster Dimensions: 76 x 23 x 18 in. (193. 04 58. 42 x 45. 72 cm) Credit Line: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Archie Preissman Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 305 Artist Name John Deare Title Judgment of Jupiter Date 1786-1787 Place Made Rome Collection Area European Painting and Sculpture Medium Marble relief Dimensions 58 1/4 x 117 1/4 in. (148 x 297. 82 cm) Credit Line Gift of Anna Bing Arnold Currently on public view: Ahmanson Building Room 305 John Deare, an English sculptor who spent his entire professional career in Rome, was commissioned by the Royal Academy to make this relief for an exhibition in 1787. In style and subject matter it reflects the neoclassical taste for perfection. The philosophers of the Age of Reason believed that man and society, through the systematic study and emulation of both classical learning and arts, could return to a Golden Age paralleling that of classical antiquity. Deares relief embodies this ideal. In conclusion when we start with polytheism we know that it focus’s on the many gods and how it affected the way that art was make. Then how it move to monotheism. The way the culture will dictate how art was made and view throughout society.

Reformation 101 - The Protestant Reformation in Europe

Reformation 101 - The Protestant Reformation in Europe The Reformation was a split in the Latin Christian church instigated by Luther in 1517 and evolved by many others over the next decade- a campaign which created and introduced a new approach to Christian faith called Protestantism. This split has never been healed and doesnt look likely to, but dont think of the church as divided between older Catholics and new Protestantism, because there is a huge range of Protestant ideas and offshoots. The Pre-Reformation Latin Church In the early 16th century, western and central Europe followed the Latin Church, headed by the pope. While religion permeated the lives of everyone in Europe- even if the poor focused on religion as a way to improve day to day issues and the rich on improving the afterlife- there was widespread dissatisfaction with many aspects of the church: at its bloated bureaucracy, perceived arrogance, avarice, and abuses of power. There was also widespread agreement that the church needed to be reformed, to restore it to a purer and more accurate form. While the church was certainly vulnerable to change, there was little agreement on what should be done. A massively fragmented reform movement, with attempts from the pope at the top to priests at the bottom, was ongoing, but attacks tended to focus on only one aspect at a time, not the whole church, and the local nature led only to local success. Perhaps the main bar to change was the belief that the church still offered the only route to salvation. What was needed for mass change was a theologian/argument which could convince a mass of both people and priests that they did not need the established church to save them, allowing reform to run unchecked by previous loyalties. Martin Luther presented just such a challenge. Luther and the German Reformation In 1517 Luther, a Professor of Theology grew angry at the selling of indulgences and produced 95 theses against them. He sent them privately to friends and opponents and may, as legend has it, have nailed them to a church door, a common method of starting debate. These theses were soon published and the Dominicans, who sold lots of indulgences, called for sanctions against Luther. As the papacy sat in judgment and later condemned him, Luther produced a powerful body of work, falling back on scripture to challenge the existing papal authority and rethinking the nature of the entire church. Luther’s ideas and style of preaching in person soon spread, partly among people who believed in him and partly among people who just liked his opposition to the church. Many clever and gifted preachers across Germany took on the new ideas, teaching and adding to them faster and more successfully than the church could keep up with. Never before had so many clergies switched to a new creed which was so different, and over time they challenged and replaced every major element of the old church. Shortly after Luther, a Swiss preacher called Zwingli produced similar ideas, beginning the related Swiss Reformation. Brief Summary of Reformation Changes Souls were saved without the cycle of penitence and confession (which was now sinful), but by faith, learning, and the grace of God.Scripture was the sole authority, to be taught in the vernacular (the local languages of the poor).A new church structure: a community of believers, focused around a preacher, needing no central hierarchy.The two sacraments mentioned in the scriptures were kept, albeit altered, but the other five were downgraded. In short, the elaborate, costly, organized church with often absent priests was replaced by austere prayer, worship, and local preaching, striking a chord with laypeople and theologians like. Reformed Churches Form The reformation movement was adopted by laypeople and powers, merging with their political and social aspirations to produce sweeping changes on everything from the personal level- people converting- to the highest reaches of government, where towns, provinces, and whole kingdoms officially and centrally introduced the new church. Government action was needed as the reformed churches had no central authority to disband the old church and instill the new order. The process was haphazard- with much regional variation- and carried out over decades. Historians still debate the reasons why people, and the governments who reacted to their wishes, took up the ‘Protestant’ cause (as the reformers became known), but a combination is likely, involving seizing land and power from the old church, genuine belief in the new message, ‘flattery’ by laypeople at being involved in religious debate for the first time and in their language, deflecting dissent onto the church, and freedom from old church restrictions. The Reformation did not occur bloodlessly. There was military conflict in the Empire before a settlement allowing old church and Protestant worship was passed, while France was riven by the ‘Wars of Religion,’ killing tens of thousands. Even in England, where a Protestant church was established, both sides were persecuted as the old church Queen Mary ruled in between Protestant monarchs. The Reformers Argue The consensus which led to theologians and laity forming reformed churches soon broke down as differences between all parties emerged, some reformers growing ever more extreme and apart from society (such as Anabaptists), leading to their persecution, to the political side developing away from theology and onto defending the new order. As ideas of what a reformed church should be evolved, so they clashed with what rulers wanted and with each other: the mass of reformers all producing their own ideas led to a range of different creeds which often contradicted each other, causing more conflict. One of these was Calvinism, a different interpretation of Protestant thought to that of Luther, which replaced the ‘old’ thinking in many places in the middle to late sixteenth century. This has been dubbed the ‘Second Reformation. Aftermath Despite the wishes and actions of some old church governments and the pope, Protestantism established itself permanently in Europe. People were affected at both a deeply personal, and spiritual level, finding a new faith, as well as the socio-political one, as an entirely new layer division was added to the established order. The consequences, and troubles, of the Reformation remain to this day.

Freedom in Modern Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Freedom in Modern Art - Research Paper Example The paper "Freedom in Modern Art" concerns the freedom in a modern art context. Today, art has been exhibited and expressed in surprisingly varied media greatly influenced by the global modernization. Art is no longer defined with strict rules in terms of aesthetic value and medium used. Anyone has liberty to explore what is inside of them and express them in ways for arts sake. The cultural backgrounds influencing the inner system of the creators’ hands are expressed in the messages and media of their output. The freedom in every artist lets him explore the vastness of his creativity into varied concepts of supreme work using multitudes of possible media. This sense of freedom in the modern art has opened the gates for other kinds of materials to be used as medium in expressing art. Every man is an artist. Indeed, that has been very true this time. The intrinsic creative capacity of every human being is now exploding into manifestos that make viewers stand in wondering awe. P lus, the trend of digital modern day technology has been embedded in the realm of art. The digital age conquering the world has now come. It is a reality that is visible not only on the modern day gadgets and machineries but also in the art demesne. Art has turned into a real dynamic symbiotic system where artist’s magnum opuses are more interactive. There are voices that are heard in their silent protests and there are images depicted in shadows. Messages of their works cants with piercing sonata echoed with the various reactions., critics, appreciations and applause from those who perceive. There are various art shows, galleries and exhibits that take their audience aback with all the surprising media used by modern artists. Art exhibited are incorporated with high technology concepts, medium as well as some radical messages. A lot of artists join such exhibition in showing their masterpieces portraying art for arts sake idea. Art has indeed evolved from prehistoric dynasti es where aesthetic value is the optimum criteria to judge a piece of work to an era where art works are expressed regardless of how they look in the human eye. There are even extreme works exposing radical movements created in skewed forms with messages hidden in graphics. Medium used has varied from oil based paints into lights and lasers. Canvasses containing them expounds from traditional easel-sized paints into walls, screens, and even a whole room. Who would have thought that art can consume such space? The vastness of possible resources to paint the many artists’ graffiti has sloped into infinity. Every now and then, a new thing happens. Every now and then, a new material coming from nature has been staged into stardom as they are exposed gradually. One of the most remarkable modern day artists that explored an extraordinary media in expressing art is Daniel Rozin. He expressed a different kind of art with the use of unreflective surfaces to act as mirror. His famous wo rk, The Wooden Mirror has spectacularly amazed audiences from all over the world. He skillfully combined 830 pieces of wooden block hooked up with motors adjoined with built in cameras. This was built in the year 1999 where physical art is collaborated with digital technology. The other materials included to complete the whole piece includes servo motors, cameras for video, computer and of course the wooden frames. The natural resource from nature which is wood has been used to portray images through the web of intricate body part construction reflecting an abstract perception of digital pixels. The camera picks up movement from an object in front of the masterpiece thereby producing a shadowed reflection as the output. Anyone

The implications of the Euro-Zone Crisis and Its Impact on India Essay

The implications of the Euro-Zone Crisis and Its Impact on India Economy - Essay Example India is not part of the Euro-zone but it is a recipient of the crisis as the zone forms its larger market in Europe. We shall look more on the Euro-zone crisis; its genesis, forces behind it and the measures taken to deliver it from total breakdown. We shall also be seeking to understand India’s economy and the economic imbalanced it can be if its market is understood. Lastly we shall conclude with the long term effects of the global economy in India. The Euro-zone is a union composed of 18 member countries that use Euro as a common currency. The countries in the Euro zone compose of Netherlands, Slovakia, Italy, Latvia, Ireland, Luxembourg, France, Finland, Germany, Cyprus, Estonia, Austria, Belgium, Slovenia, Spain, Greece, Malta and Portugal, (EU publication office 2009, 23). The euro zone is under European central bank that is governed by a president. It also has a board that oversees the working of the bank. The bank is mandated to see that inflation is put under control. There is also the euro group that makes decisions regarding the politics of the union and the euro (Gupta & Gupta 2010, 42). In the late 2000, there was a financial crisis and the Euro group acted by establishing provisions that would allow the group to give emergency loans to member countries in return for endorsement of economic reforms. These helped the member countries to get onto their feet from the high-unanticipated inflation that had taken centre stage in the many countries (Singh 1997, 82). Many countries member of the Euro zone do not use the Euro currency as the main currency in their countries but use it to do business in the Euro zone and European Union at large. There are other countries that are part of the European Union but do not fall under the Euro zone. These countries include; Andorra, San Marino and Vatican City. They use Euro as their currency (European communities 2004, 94) A number of factors caused the Euro zone crisis. These included

Davy Crockett :: essays research papers

Davy Crockett, the celebrated hero, warrior and backwoods statesman, was born August 17, 1786 in a small cabin on the banks of Nolichucky River, near the mouth of Limestone Creek, which today lies about three and a half miles off 11-E Highway near Limestone, Tennessee. David "Davy" Crockett was the fifth of nine children and the fifth son born to John and Rebecca Hawkins Crockett. The Crocketts were a self-sufficient, independent family. Davy Crockett stands for the Spirit of the American Frontier. As a young man he was a crafty Indian fighter and hunter. When he was forty-nine years old, he died a hero's death at the Alamo, helping Texas win independence from Mexico. For many years he was nationally known as a political representative of the frontier. John, Davy's father, moved to Greene County where Davy was born. While Davy was still in dresses, his father moved the family to Cove Creek in Greene County, Tennessee, where he built a mill in partnership with Thomas Galbreath. When Davy was eight years old, the mill was washed away with his home. After this disaster John Crockett removed his family to Jefferson County where he built and operated a log-cabin tavern on the Knoxville-Abingdon Road. (This cabin has been restored and is now located at Morristown, 30 miles Southwest of Greeneville.) The young Davy no doubt heard tales told by many a westbound traveler - tales which must have sparked his own desire for adventure in the great western territories. In his dealings with his father's customers, Davy must also have learned much about human nature and so refined his natural skills as a leader. While Davy lived there he spent four days at the school of Benjamin Kitchen. He had a fight with a boy at school and left home to escape a "licking" from his dad. He got a job helping to drive cattle to Virginia. In Virginia, he worked for farmers, wagoners and a hatmaker. After two and a half years, he returned home. Davy was now fifteen years old and approaching six feet in height. In those days a boy either worked for his father or turned over his pay if he worked for others. Upon promise of his freedom from this obligation, Davy worked a year for men to whom his father owed money. After working off these debts of his father's he continued with his last employer.

Forests

INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects. The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich.From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don't understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India. So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of Ind ia. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind.By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture 9. Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren't aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources.For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They c onstitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource. Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization.The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed. Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSIONSoil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile.It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing. These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thous ands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising!From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson's Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills. Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin).When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet's climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen.Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees. Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries.Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuari es in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh. Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees.Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region.DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world's original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world's  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests.The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of dist urbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, affo restation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country's wood requirements.Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year's gross income.On this day they enquire abou t their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia's name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area). Among these, the 28  TigerReserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKSA  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. INTRODUCTION Th e  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects.The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don't understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India.So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NA TURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronomy (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren't aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute impo rtant components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource.Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new materials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed.Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in are as with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes.Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing.These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of product s are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson's Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills.Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth.They are also responsible for regulating our planet's climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from one and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees.Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. P eople come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh.Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down.Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement named Narmada Bachao Andolan to save the for ests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world's original forests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world's  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests.The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, wheth er natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country's wood requirements.Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year's gross income.On this day they enquire about their deposi t in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia's name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in multiples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area).Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  Nation al Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKSA  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an international organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. CONCLUSION Wildlife conservat ion has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters.The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). INTRODUCTION The  Wildlife in India  is a mix of species of different types of organisms. The forests of India are ancient in nature and composition. Indian people need to have more wildlife education. They are rich in variety and shelter a wide range of flora and fauna and insects.The fact they have existed from time immemorial is substantiated from the ancient texts all of which have some mention of the forests. Even today in parts of India the sacred forests exist and are worshiped. The wildlife in India is equally diverse and rich. From big animals like elephants and tiger and deers and bisons to small reptiles the Indian forests are teeming with life force. But unfortunately most Indians don't understand the importance of this rich wealth of forest and wildlife India has. Felling of tress and illegal poaching of animals are fast depleting the forest and wild life wealth of India.So efforts must be taken to stop these malpractices and conserve the forest and wild life of India. KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are resources in the environment that have not been disturbed by mankind. By resource, one refers to any physical entity which has limited availability. These resources occur in their natural form. Few examples are as follows: 1. Air, wind, and atmosphere 2. Plants (Flora) 3. Animals (Fauna) 4. Agronom y (the science of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber) 5. Wildlife 6. Forestry and Agroforestry 7. Coal and fossil fuels 8. Range and pasture . Soils 10. Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers Something that people generally aren't aware of is that everything we use in everyday life is derived from natural resources. For example, milk, which comes from cows, vegetables that come from plants, salt which is a mineral, etc. Wood that we get from tree is another example. It can be used to build a house, make paper, burn in fireplaces and in stoves for cooking, etc. FOREST RESOURCES Forests have a tremendous importance to the humans. They constitute important components of our environment. Forests are important renewable natural resource.Forest ecosystem is dominated by trees, the species varying in different parts of the world. Forests are intimately linked with our culture and civilization. The chief products which forests supply is wood which is used as fuel raw materials, new mate rials for various industries as pulp, paper, board, plywood, timber for furniture items. Forests influence flood conditions by intercepting surface run-off infiltration, evaporation, and most importantly provide suitable habitats for a number of important plant and animal species and this help in maintaining a broad genetic base from which future strains of species could be developed.Forests also have aesthetic and tourist values. Forest resources play an important role in the development of regions, states and nations. SOIL EROSION Soil erosion is when the soil is  blown away  by the wind orwashed away  by the rain. Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which are overpopulated. Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has severe problems caused by increased population density and steep slopes.Soil erosion can be reduced by building terraces on hillsides, irrigati on schemes to overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile. It is very important that the farming techniques used do not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in humus. THINGS WE GET FROM FOREST Trees  are amazing! They provide beauty, shade, oxygen, clean air and water, fruit, nuts and wood products such as paper, furniture and housing.These benefits are well known. But did you know that literally thousands of products are made from trees? Many are surprising! From the medicine L-Dopa for treating Parkinson's Disease, to film in your camera, forest products are all around us. When Trees are used  to make lumber and plywood, there are leftover chips, bark sawdust. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products. Not too long ago, those leftovers would have been burned as waste. Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mills.Modern forest products operations are very efficient at using every part of a tree. Nothing is wasted. Wood  is made of tiny fibers  (cellulose)  and the natural glue that holds them together  (lignin). When wood is turned into pulp for paper, heat and chemicals dissolve the lignin and release the cellulose fibers. Byproducts of this process are used in asphalt, paint, chewing gum, detergents and turpentine. TYPES OF FOREST Piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9. 4% of all the planet earth.They are also responsible for regulating our planet's climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Types of forests are classified differently from on e and another depending upon the species developed with the age of forests, soil found in those forests, the density of trees and history of the geological region. So forests are divided into following main types: * Tropical forest * Sub tropical forest * Plantations * Boreal Forest * Temperate forest * Seasonal or monsoon forest CONSERVATION OF FOREST Our Government has also made laws to prevent unnecessary felling of trees.Government has decided to declare certain forests as protected areas. These protected areas are called Reserves or wild Life Sanctuaries. Here no one is allowed to hunt animals. There are about 150 wild life sanctuaries in India. People come from all over the world to see these sanctuaries. They consist of some of the most beautiful and rare animals. The largest sanctuary is in West Bengal. It is called the Sunderbans. This sanctuary is famous for its Bengal tigers. The other well known sanctuaries are Kaziranga in Assam, in Gujarat, Bundipur in Karnataka, Kanha in Madhya Pradesh.Corbetf in Uttar Pradesh, Palamau in Bihar and Periyar in Kerala. The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanmahotsava is celebrated every year to plant more trees. Thousands of school children participate in the Van-mahotsava and plant trees every year. Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some of the movements to save forests and wild life in India. Chipko Movement was started by Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna in Tehri District of Uttar Pradesh. The women of a village in Tehri clung to the trees and protected them from being cut down. Shrimati Medha Patekar started a Movement namedNarmada Bachao Andolan to save the forests and wild life in the Narmada region. DEFORESTATION Deforestation,  clearance  or  clearing  is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. About half of the world's original f orests had been destroyed by 2011, the majority during the previous 50 years. Since 1990 half of the world's  rain forests  have been destroyed. More than half of the animal and plant species in the world live in tropical forests.The term  deforestation  is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in  temperate climates, the  removal of all trees in an area in conformance with  sustainable forestry  practices—is correctly described as  regeneration harvest. In  temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic. Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of  charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as  pasture  for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. AFFORESTATION Afforestation  is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation  is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).Many governments and non-governmental organizations directly engage in programs of  afforestation  to create forests, increase  carbon capture  and  sequestration, and help to anthropogenically improve  biodiversity. (In the UK, afforestation may mean converting the legal status of some land to â€Å"royal forest†. ) Special tools, e. g. tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Less than 0,5% of South Africa is covered by indigenous forests. Owing to their slow growth and sensitivity to logging, these forests cannot supply the majority of our country's wood requirements.Additional fast-growing trees are planted to cater for the demand for wood products. Commercial forests, or plantations, cover 1,1% of South Africa. VANAMAHOTSAVA Van=forests mahotsava=festival So vanamahotsava is the festival of forests. The day to remind all of us that we should take care of priceless forests. Vanamahotsava is a big celebration day for forest officials, forest rangers, DFOs, employees, and their contractors, suppliers, mahaldars etc. On this day they all get together and take decision n promise for the coming year and calculate the present year's gross income.On this day they enquire about their deposit in the bank, the deposit which is said to be their side income, happens to b their monthly salary and send their family member to the bank to meet the branch manager to enquire how to make fixed deposits in some Alia's name. Actually they not require the meagre salary they earn as their legitimate income, when they earn daily in mult iples of that. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES India  has over 441  animal sanctuaries, referred to as  Wildlife sanctuaries  (IUCN  Category IVProtected Area).Among these, the 28  Tiger Reserves  are governed by  Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the  tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named  Bird Sanctuary, e. g. Keoladeo National Park  before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species, are named  National Wildlife Sanctuary, like  National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary  for conserving the  Gharial  (1978) NATIONAL PARKSA  national park  is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. It is most commonly a  natural park. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, an in ternational organization, the  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined â€Å"National Park† as its  Category II  type of  protected areas. While ideas for this type of national park had been suggested previously, the United States established the first such one,  Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the  Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there were 6,555 national parks worldwide in 2006 that meet its criteria. CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife. The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons.Either they are few in number or are threatened by the v arying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). CONCLUSION Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of  human activity  on  wildlife.The science of extinction. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living being that is at the danger of becoming extinct because of several reasons. Either they are few in number or are threatened by the varying environmental or predation parameters. The endangered species in India have been identified by different national and international organisations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).

Dyig to Be Thin - 1453 Words

Dying to Be Thin A Look Into the Life of an Anorexic and the Health Risk That Come With It By: Andrew Peterson 1. What did you see regarding ideal body weight? What other attitudes exist about weight? When watching the video, I realized that anorexics don’t want to eat. They don’t feel hungry; they don’t think that they are destroying themselves. When they look at themselves, they see themselves as fat and overweight. To try and fit the image of what they think they should look like becomes an obsession. This eventually leads the large percentages of weight loss. Most anorexics, it seems, ideal body weight was 15 to 20 percent below their recommended body weight (according to their age and height). 2. List some†¦show more content†¦Even when the people reach the weight level they want, they may still feel fat. Therefore, they keep losing weight. After they keep losing and losing and losing, it finally gets them physically. They are hospitalized and could die without immediate treatment. The reason that eating disorders are a growing problem is because people think they need to be stick thin to be accepted by the current society. When they get the results they want, they think, â€Å"If I keep doing this, it will get even better.† This isn’t true; their serious disease takes great physical and emotional tolls on themselves, and also to their family and friends. 5. How does culture contributes to eating disorders through â€Å"role models†? Role models are very important to young adults. Role models are what an adolescent aspires to become. And whatever their role model does, they want to do. Their role models are usually successful and must go to great lengths to maintain their success. This doesn’t mean that everyone must go to these lengths to be successful, but adolescents think that they must. If their role model is thin, then they will want to be thin. And if they see their teenage problems evaporate as they become thinner, they will think that that is the key. This is a very dangerous path to walk. It can lead to many regrettable decisions. The truth is that TV gives everything a glow. It